The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Assignment - 1

The Space Shuttle Challenger debacle - Assignment Example In this paper, the creator depicts and remarks on the different parts of the mishap. Initially, the creator portrays the occasions prompting the blast. Next is a conversation of the fundamental driver of the mishap. Next, the creator depicts the means that could have been taken to deflect the mishap. From that point onward, a depiction of the overall culture inside NASA is given, went with a conversation of how that culture may have affected the choices of NASA architects and staff. The creator at that point remarks on the administration of NASA and how the establishment executes its frameworks and methods. At last, the creator summarizes the central matters of the paper. At first, Challenger had been planned to dispatch from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida on January 22 at 14:42 Eastern Standard Time (EST). In any case, the dispatch didn't occur as had been arranged because of deferrals in the former crucial, 61-C(McConnel, 1986). Thusly, Challenger propelled was pushed forward to January 23 then January 24. The dispatch was again moved to January 25 attributable to negative climate conditions at the Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) focus in Dakar, Senegal. NASA choose to utilize Casablanca as an option TAL, but since it needed offices for night arrivals, the dispatch was again rescheduled for the morning of January 26, Florida time. At that point, it was anticipated that the climate at KSC would be negative, so the lift-off was moved to January 27 at 9:37 EST. Once more, the dispatch neglected to take off because of issues enlisted in the outside access bring forth. When specialists tackled the issues, the breeze speed had builds significantly with the end goal that a dispatch was unthinkable. It was under these conditions that the dispatch inevitably occurred on January 28, despite the fact that climate conjectures had anticipated a curiously chilly morning with temperatures near - 10C, the most minimal conceivable temperature at which a dispatch may occur.

Behavior finance and market efficiency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Conduct money and market proficiency - Essay Example In this report, the fundamental driver and hidden drivers of the ongoing worldwide, money related emergency are clarified. Additionally, correlation and complexity of social and non-conduct clarifications generally gave by account scholastics have been made. The fundamental driver behind the ongoing worldwide, monetary emergency incorporate deregulation by budgetary organizations, joined by quick money related development, which invigorated amazing money related blasts. As the budgetary organizations got defective, prompting the money related emergencies, governments reacted to such emergencies with bailouts that permitted new extensions to start (Crotty, 2009, p, 563). To start with, the incorporation of advanced monetary markets with the era’s light government guidelines, which is additionally alluded to as the New Financial Architecture (NFA) prompted the worldwide, money related emergency (Crotty, 2009, p, 563). It ought to be noticed that the New Financial Architecture de pends on light guideline of business banks, lighter guideline on venture banks and minimal guideline on the shadow banking framework. The shadow banking framework speaks to support and private value assets and extraordinary ventures that are made by banks (Crotty, 2009, p, 563). Insignificant guideline of monetary organizations drove exorbitant hazard taking by various money related foundations due to the current motivating forces in the market, unafraid of limitation or constraint. The suspicion that discerning financial specialists can settle on ideal choices, and that solitary the individuals who could deal with hazard, could take it depends on poor hypothetical establishments, with no persuading observational help (Crotty, 2009, p, 563). In actuality, numerous speculators and monetary foundation faced extreme challenge, which they couldn't oversee. Therefore, the worldwide, money related emergency needed to emerge when the potential misfortunes related with high hazard happened. Independently, it ought to be noticed that unreasonable motivations influence key work force of fundamental money related foundations, for example, business banks, insurance agencies, venture banks, fence and private value assets, just as, shared and benefits assets to face over the top challenge when budgetary markets are light (Crotty, 2009, p, 563). For example, the arrangement for no arrival of expenses for protections for contract advances, if the protections endured huge misfortunes made most market members to take credits, as much as the advances may have not been reasonable or sound (Crotty, 2009, p, 563). Issues emerged when the advance takers neglected to support or reimburse the credits on the grounds that their speculations couldn't benefit because of the overall economic situations. Budgetary development added to rise of ongoing worldwide, monetary emergency since it prompted the formation of money related items that are mind boggling to such an extent that they are no t straightforward (Crotty, 2009, p, 563). This implies such budgetary items can't be valued accurately. They are additionally illiquid and are not sold on business sectors. In the current budgetary market, there is a higher estimation of protections that are not sold on the business sectors than the current protections (Crotty, 2009, p, 563). The reality, that offer of protections subsidiaries is for the most part done by a speculation bank haggling with clients over the counter, prompted

In need of a retreat COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

In need of a retreat COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Each year, at the beginning of the fall semester, is what we here at SIPA like to call “retreat season”. Each concentration and specialization organizes a weekend-long retreat for students throughout the month of September. The retreat is an opportunity for first and second year students to get better acquainted in a fun and engaging environment. Students are able to share experiences and knowledge, such as the “do’s and donts” of SIPA student and academic life. Additionally, this is a great opportunity for students to get to know faculty members and professors in a less formal way. International Finance and Economic Policy (IFEP) Retreat Over 80 IFEP students attended the annual retreat in September held at Camp Kinder Ring in Hopewell Junction, New York. After traveling for two hours by bus, students arrived and had lunch together. Shortly after, Professor Richard Goldberg led an interactive discussion about the financial crisis with students. Professor Andrea Bubula, the IFEP Executive Director, also attended the retreat and gave students an overview of the concentration and its competitive advantages in the current job market. The rest of the afternoon was spent with students playing tennis and basketball at the camp. In the evening students enjoyed dinner followed by a dance party. Despite the near freezing temperatures, students enjoyed this opportunity to get to know each other and learn more about the IFEP concentration. Energy and Environment (EE) Retreat On the 28th of September, the EE concentration had its yearly retreat in the wonderful Kinder Camp as well. This was a great chance to escape from the city and enjoy a nice autumn landscape, lake included, but also a fantastic opportunity to get to know the new members of our SIPA community beyond the Columbia campus. There were several fun outdoor activities including the hilarious build and the whats your shoe size/eye color grouping game. At one point, even some brave Seeples dived into the lake! The trip couldnt be complete without a bonfire and s’mores, which of course quickly turned into a party that many will remember for the musical variety (yes, someone played reggaeton). International Conflict Resolution (ICR) Retreat The International Conflict Resolution retreat brought together 25 SIPA students as well as faculty and guest speakers for a weekend of inspiration and recreation. Saltzman Professor of Professional Practice and International Conflict Resolution specialization director Jean-Marie Guéhenno kicked off discussion on Syria, supported by adjunct faculty member Richard Gowan. Guest speakers David Haeri (MIA, 1997) and Sarah Cliffe (MIA, 1996), both senior United Nations officials in New York, shared insights on the field of conflict resolution and inspired students with their personal stories and experiences. The retreat closed with a conflict type exercise, where students assessed their personal approach to conflict using role play to demonstrate reactions under a variety of scenarios, both calm and stressful. In addition to some self-discovery, canoeing, and a lakeside bonfire, students left the retreat with new friendships and some intellectual stimulation to help them embark upon the n ew semester.

Language and Memory Paper - 1329 Words

Language and Memory Paper Donnell M. Thomas University of Phoenix PSYCH 560/ Cognitive Psychology Dr. Kristi Collins-Johns 15th August 2010 Language and Memory Paper Introduction Language is important to the way we communicate. Semantic memory is acquired over the years and is vital to language. Language becomes second nature when we already know what, when and how to say something. We form sentences, phrases, paragraphs by planning what we say and how we will say it. Most people believe that when we speak, it is without thought and is done unconsciously. However, in this paper I will seek to explain the relationship between semantic memory and language production. Explain the nature and function of semantic memory†¦show more content†¦For every action, there is a reason for it. We have to appreciate our cognitive processes and continuing to understand how they work and what goes into making them work is so rewarding. Analyze the basic functions of language Pinker (1994c) esteems language as â€Å"the jewel in the crown of cognition.† Language serves the purpose of communicating or revealing our cognitive processes. The beautiful thing about language is that it is one of most â€Å"complex and valuable aspect of cognition† (Robinson-Riegler amp; Robinson-Riegler, 2008). Babies are able to learn language and sometime understand the language before they can speak it. There are different types of languages: sign language, English, Spanish, Dutch, French, Braille. All of these are ways that people communicate with one another depending on their culture and mental/physical circumstances (deaf, blind). One characteristic of language is that everything we refer to is symbolized by a word. The way we put words in a sentence and combine them to make sense, would conclude that we have a basic understanding of what role words play in a sentence (noun, verb, pronoun). We would not know this if not through language. Through language we are able to speak, write, read and understand. As Robinson-Riegler (2008) brings out, all the words a person knows comprise their mental lexicon and is a part of our semantic memory. When we talk about language, we also shouldShow MoreRelatedChildren And Adults With Foreign Word Learning1593 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper discusses the previous research on second language learning in children and adults. It first discusses the differences in language learning among children and adults in regards to the central period hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that children are able to acquire language faster at an earlier age rather than beginning later in life. 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They emphasized that language is a powerful retrieval tool and a cue to Read MoreThe History of Computer Development Essay608 Words   |  3 Pagesfor their memory, and because of that they big and were often large, taking up entire rooms to build. They are so expensive to operate because they are very large and took a lot of maintenance and in addition they use a great deal of electricity and similarly to current computers problem they generated a lot of heat thus which was often are the root cause of malfunctions. The first generation computers relied on the machine language, the earliest and lowest-level of programming language understoodRead MorePsy 300 Complete Course Material a+Work Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology Paper PSY 300 Week 2 DQs PSY 300 Week 2 DQ 1 How do classical conditioning procedures differ from operant conditioning procedures? How are they similar? In your opinion, which learning process is more effective? Why? 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Most of the time when I finished writing essays, I felt satisfied with what I wrote. I rarely try to go back and improve my own writings. The Unreliability of Human Memory is an analytical essay from my Workload 57S class. This paper is about how human memory is unreliable due to memory distortion and changes from other influences. By rereading an essay that I wrote before, I analyzed and learned about how efficient did I write in a particular genre. For this analytical essayRead MoreCommunication with Various Groups Paper1073 Words   |  5 PagesCommunicating with Various Groups Paper Angelica De La Cruz Eileen Carlin CJS/205 Composition for Communication in the Criminal Justice System October 12, 2015 The definition of communication varies when it comes to the situation. Communication can be derived from a conversation amongst one another or communication can lead to an interview (for a job, a case, or to obtain information). â€Å"Human communication is the way in which humans exchange meaningful ideas with one another† (Justak, 2014)Read MoreLanguage and Brain 1328 Words   |  6 Pagesthe last few decades, the notion of language and brain has been highlighted in different scientific fields such as: neurology, cognitive science, linguistics biology, technology and finally education. Recently, researches findings point out that the brain is a parallel processor which can perform many types of activities at the same time. Therefore, engaging language and brain will help in developing the process of acquiring and learning a second language. In fact, it is important to understand

Hamlet, By William Shakespeare - 1149 Words

When a person holds a great sense of vengeance within himself/herself, it may cause him/her to lose their sense of coherent thinking. This can lead to a snowball effect of tragic events and bring out the person’s deepest flaws. This was what happened to Prince Hamlet in the play by William Shakespeare. Through the process of accomplishing the four commands given to him by his father, Hamlet is swayed in various directions because of his nature of wanting to understand the whole situation himself and his flaw, which is his imbalance in controlling his actions. Due to Hamlet’s disposition, he is a person who needs to attain certainty before going forth with a plan. This shows that Hamlet is a rational man, at first, by keeping in check†¦show more content†¦Additionally, depending on King Claudius’ reaction to the play it will determine the action plan that Hamlet is going to pursue. During this time, it can be seen that Hamlet is still quite logical because of his efforts in trying to comprehend the situation at hand. However, after King Claudius’ extravagant reaction to the play’s murder scene, proving that he is the murderer, Hamlet goes mad, leading him to act impulsively. When given the four commands, Hamlet appeared to fully understand all of his duties, but soon after figuring out that King Claudius is truly the perpetrator, Hamlet adjusts his focus towards the first command that asks him to avenge his father’s death. â€Å"Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (page 1823). Hamlet is very committed in obtaining his vengeance, which soon becomes the only objective he had in his mind. He was willing to leave his education in studying philosophy behind to achieve this goal and was even willing to die as long as he was able to get his revenge for his father. Hamlet was ready to die for what come because he believes in Go d, but lacked the understanding of King Hamlet’s directions. Although the command to revenge the Ghost’s foul murder was the first that was demanded, there was no particular order in which the commands were to be fulfilled. This was something that was not understood by Hamlet until act III, which is when his father reappears before him to sharpen his dull understanding of

Herman Melville’s’ Moby Dick Free Essays

Introduction Moby Dick has secured the author’s reputation in the first rank of all American writers. Firstly, the novel was published in the expurgated form and was called The Whale. It was published in 1851 (Bryant 37). We will write a custom essay sample on Herman Melville’s’ Moby Dick or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Moby Dick† is an encyclopedia of the American romanticism. Here there are thousands of private observations, concerning the developments of the American bourgeois democracy and the American public consciousness. These observations were made by writers and poets, the predecessors of Melville. Here we can see the united protest of the American romantic idea against bourgeois and capitalistic progress in its national American forms. Meaning of cannibalism In the present paper we will discuss the meaning of cannibalism in the novel (Delbanco 26). The famous citation of the chapter 65 contains deep sense that deserves thorough analysis: â€Å"Cannibals? who is not a cannibal? I tell you it will be more tolerable for the Fejee that salted down a lean missionary in his cellar against a coming famine; it will be more tolerable for that provident Fejee, I say, in the day of judgment, than for thee, civilized and enlightened gourmand, who nailest geese to the ground and feastest on their bloated livers in thy pate-de-foie-gras† (Melville 242).  Moby dick is also educational and true, because Romanticism believed that fiction had to be the only vehicle to describe the history of the past. The intention was to make the story interesting (Bryant 14). To understand the original meaning of cannibalism in the  novel it is important to establish principles which Melville has built the narration on. The attitude towards cannibals is described better in the story â€Å"Typee†. The connection with this story helps us understand the meaning of the abovementioned citation from â€Å"Moby Dick†.   Pictures of savages’ life drawn by writer bear all features of â€Å"an ideal life â€Å". Melville admired the life of the tribe, but we can’t but notice, however, that he was not going to offer the reader a happy life of savages as the sample for imitation. The poetic pictures drawn by the writer have another meaning. They are created for comparison with contemporary bourgeois civilization (Delbanco 26). According to Melville, Bourgeois civilization, in the kind it existed at the beginning of XIX century, had no future. â€Å"Ideality† of savages in has two aspects: natural and public (Bryant 37). In natural aspect the savage is ideal because it is fine, and it is fine because has kept the features of the physical shape lost by the civilized person (Bryant 15). Melville adhered the same principle when he spoke about â€Å"ideality† of cannibals’ social existence. A savage does not have property, and it does not know what money is. It is relieved by that of two harms of a civilization. They cannot have a desire to act in defiance of truth and validity (Bryant 15). There is no stimulus for that. The savage is not spoiled by a civilization, but it has the defects: cannibalism and heathenism. However, what do they mean in comparison with more severe, realized crimes of the civilized person? In Moby Dick Melville is rather laconic describing savages life elements, but narrates in detail about the bourgeois state and the legislation, police, crimes against society, about power of money, about religious prosecutions, noxious influence of the society on a person – all that precedes eschatological accidents (i.e. infringement of the right and morals, conflicts, the crimes of people demanding punishment of gods) (Bryant 36). Melville does not dismiss cannibalism, backwardness of intelligence and public consciousness, primitiveness of a life and many other negative phenomena in a life of â€Å"happy† savages. Speaking about some wild or even brutal customs of savages, he finds parallels in a life of a civilized society: cannibalism is a devil art which we find out in the invention of every possible retaliatory machines; retaliatory wars are poverty and destructions; the most furious animal in the word is the white civilized person (Delbanco 25). Symbolism as a trait of romanticism in the novel It is not the only symbolic trait in the Moby Dick. For example, all crew members are given descriptive, biblical-sounding names and Melville avoids the exact time of all events and very details. It is the evidence of allegorical mode. It is necessary to mention the mix of pragmatism and idealism (Bryant 14). For example, Ahab desires to pursue the whale and Starbuck desires to arrange a normal commercial ship dealing with whaling business. Moby Dick can be considered as the symbolical example of good and evil (Delbanco 25). Moby Dick is like a metaphor for â€Å"elements of life that are out of people’s control†. The Pequod’s desire to kill the white whale is allegorical, because the whale represents the main life goals of Ahab. What is more important is that Ahab’s revenge against Moby is analogous to people’s struggling against the fate (Bryant 14). Conclusion In conclusion it is necessary to admit that Melville thought people needed to have something to reach for in their life and the desirable goal might destroy the life of a person. Moby Dick is a real obsession which affected the life of ship crew (Bryant 37). Thus, the  system of images in â€Å"Moby Dick† makes us understand the basic ideas of the novel of Melville. Eschatological accidents often are preceded with infringement of the right and morals, conflicts and crimes of people, and the world perishes from fire, flood, cold, heat, famine. We can see this in the novel  «Moby Dick† which shows a life of the American society of the beginning of XIX century (Delbanco 15). Works cited Levine, Robert S., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Herman Melville. Cambridge, UK New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Delbanco, Andrew. Melville: His World and Work. New York: Knopf, 2005 Melville, Herman: Redburn, White-Jacket, Moby-Dick (G. Thomas Tanselle, ed.) (Library of America, 1983) Bryant, John, ed. A Companion to Melville Studies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986 Bryant, John. Melville and Repose: The Rhetoric of Humor in the American Renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001 How to cite Herman Melville’s’ Moby Dick, Essay examples

Australian Aboriginal People-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Australian Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander People. Answer: Australian Aboriginal are the indigenous people of Australian Mainland and are legally considered as the Australian inhabitants. Whereas, Torres Strait Islander People are considered as the indigenous people of the Queensland, Australia. These Torres Strait Islander People are genetically and culturally Melanesian people (Fredericks 2013). Before the colonization by the British the Australian Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander People used to live a hunter/gatherer life style and had good quality of health. However, this Australian Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander People experience the largest incidence of health issues and shorter life expectancies compared to the non-indigenous Australians (Aiatsis.gov.au, 2017). Since the year 2006 the Australias indigenous and the non-indigenous health entities along with the NGOs and the Australian Government worked together to better the situation. This combined effort or the campaign is termed as Close the Gap (Donato and Segal 2013). The main aim of the essay is to assess the Closing the Gap Prime Ministers Report, 2017 and does it address the environmental, social, and cultural determinates of health that affects the indigenous Australians. Next the section of the report that will be put to an elaborate discussion is the Chapter 6 which deals with the healthy lives of the indigenous Australians. Within the Social determinants of health, the following things will be discussed: early life, social gradient, work, social exclusion, social support, unemployment, food, transport and addiction. In the cultural determinants of health, the following will be discussed: life experience, upbringing, group history, sexual orientation, education, age, socio economic class, gender, spiritual belief, religion, ethnicity and language. While in the environmental determinants of health, the following will be discussed: housing conditions, air quality, water quality, land and soil quality, food contamination and safety, waste dispo sal, hazardous substances, noise/ electromagnetic fields, occupational risks, agricultural methods, climate and ecosystem change and behaviors related to environment. According to Closingthegap.pmc.gov.au (2017), the report speaks that the considering the life expectancy of the indigenous Australians, the close the gap is not on track. The life expectancy of the indigenous Australians according to the year 2010-12 shows that at the time of birth, the life expectancy of the males is 69 years (the non-indigenous Australasians have life expectancy of 79 years). However, the life expectancy of the Indigenous female Australians is 73 years (the non-indigenous Australians have life expectancy of 83 years). This estimates are actually for the newborns and don not reflect the life expectancy of the people of any other group. The report stresses on the need to increase the life expectancy of the males and females by 21 and 16 years respectively (Aspin et al. 2012). The determinants of health that contribute to the reduced life expectancy are the social determinants of health which includes education, upbringing, sexual orientation, gender and also the ethn icity. The environmental determinants that contribute to the reduced life expectancy are the air quality and water quality. Whereas, the social determinants that contribute to the reduction in life expectancy are the stress, addiction towards smoking, tobacco and drugs, food, unemployment and work (Pmc.gov.au 2017). The second major concern is the incidence of cancer, due to which the mortality rates have increased and thus the gap between the non-indigenous and the indigenous people are increasing. It has been found that the chronic diseases like the cancer, circulatory, respiratory disease and diabetes are the major contributors of 70 percent deaths of indigenous people. Between the tear 1998 to 2015 the deaths due to cancer has increased by 21%. However, the percentage has declined for the non-indigenous people and is around 13%. The increased incidence of cancer also has a positive impact on the life expectancy of Aboriginal and Torres islander people. Cancer Australia launched a framework called National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cancer Framework works for the improvement of the cancer outcomes (Condon et al. 2014). The Cancer Australia undertakes initiatives like it supported the Aboriginal Health Council of South Australia to create resources that will help the Indigenous Aust ralasians that have the lung cancer. However, it also organizes community workshops that helps to spread the awareness and in the early detection of gynecological cancer, breast and lung cancer. The determinants of health that contribute to the increased incidence of cancer include all the three social, environmental and cultural determinants. Thus, the social determinants include the addiction towards drugs, alcohol, tobacco and smoking and poor diet. Whereas, the cultural determinants include the age, gender and geographic origin or residence. Whereas the environmental determinants include the sunlight, pollution, radiation and occupational exposure (Aihw.gov.au 2017). The another health issue that affects the majority of the Australian Aboriginals and Torres islander people is diabetes and especially type 2 diabetes. However, the incidence of the type 1 diabetes is more common among the teenagers and kids. The Closing the Gap Prime Ministers Report, 2017 says that one of the main reason of 70 percent increased indigenous death is due to the chronic disease like diabetes. The National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS) is an effective initiative by the Australian Government which is managed by the Diabetes Australia. The determinants of health that affect that contribute to the health effects of the Australian Aboriginals and the Torres islander people are the social and the cultural determinants. The cultural determinants include the age, gender, ethnicity. Whereas the social determinants include the poor food habits, stress and work (Diabetesaustralia.com.au, 2017). Studies showed that risk factors like alcohol, obesity and smoking altogether increased the gap of health risks. Although reports suggested that there has been an 9% reduction in the rates of smoking among the Australian Aboriginals and Torres islander people. However, despite of all the improvements the smoking tendencies among the Australian Aboriginals and Torres islander people were 2.7 times higher than the non-indigenous Australians. The Australian Aboriginals and Torres islander people that lived in the remote places showed the higher tendencies compared to the ones that live in the non-remote places (Gould et al. 2012). Thus this situation demanded an active intervention from the Australian government and the National Tobacco Strategy 2012-18 provides a framework for the reduction of tobacco related problems in Australia. This framework emphasizes on the effective control of tobacco and monitoring the progress. The incidence of smoking is high among the individuals ages 15 an d belong from the Australian Aboriginals and Torres islands. Tackling Indigenous Smoking is a program that monitors the tobacco control practices. This program also targets the smoking behaviors among the teenagers of the Australian Aboriginals and Torres islander people and also among the pregnant women residing in the remote places. The program also grants funds for the cessation and prevention, along with evaluation and research (Tobaccoinaustralia.org.au, 2017). The prevalence of smoking among the Australian Aboriginals and Torres islander people can be contributed to the some of the determinants that promote the smoking tendencies. Like the geographical location, age and gender. Therefore, from the above disclosure, it can be concluded that the Australian Aboriginals and Torres islander people are the most affected indigenous Australians in comparison to the non-indigenous Australians. The increased incidence of the several diseases caught the attention of the Australian government that started the Close the Gap campaign in order to reduce the gap of health conditions in comparison with the non-indigenous Australians. According to the Closing the Gap Prime Ministers Report, 2017, life expectancy, cancer, diabetes and smoking are the bigger areas of concern which needs effective plans and policies so that the health conditions of the Australian Aboriginals and Torres islander people can be improved. References Aiatsis.gov.au (2017).Indigenous Australians: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. [online] Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Available at: https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/indigenous-australians-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-people [Accessed 14 Dec. 2017]. Aihw.gov.au (2017). [online] Aihw.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/aa938fd4-21e8-4854-9207 c70306e4f2b3/13732.pdf.aspx?inline=true [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017]. Aspin, C., Brown, N., Jowsey, T., Yen, L. and Leeder, S., 2012. Strategic approaches to enhanced health service delivery for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with chronic illness: a qualitative study. BMC health services research, 12(1), p.143. Closingthegap.pmc.gov.au (2017). Home | Closing the Gap. [online] Closingthegap.pmc.gov.au. Available at: https://closingthegap.pmc.gov.au/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017]. Condon, J.R., Zhang, X., Baade, P., Griffiths, K., Cunningham, J., Roder, D.M., Coory, M., Jelfs, P.L. and Threlfall, T., 2014. Cancer survival for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: a national study of survival rates and excess mortality. Population Health Metrics, 12(1), p.1. Diabetesaustralia.com.au (2017). Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander people. [online] Diabetesaustralia.com.au. Available at: https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islanders [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017]. Donato, R. and Segal, L., 2013. Does Australia have the appropriate health reform agenda to close the gap in Indigenous health?. Australian Health Review, 37(2), pp.232-238. Fredericks, B., 2013. 'We don't leave our identities at the city limits': Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in urban localities. Australian Aboriginal Studies, (1), p.4. Gould, G.S., Munn, J., Watters, T., McEwen, A. and Clough, A.R., 2012. Knowledge and views about maternal tobacco smoking and barriers for cessation in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders: a systematic review and meta-ethnography. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 15(5), pp.863-874. Pmc.gov.au (2017). 2017 HPF Report - 1.19 Life expectancy at birth. [online] Pmc.gov.au. Available at: https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/publications/indigenous/hpf-2017/tier1/119.html [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017]. Tobaccoinaustralia.org.au (2017). 1.9 Prevalence of tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders - Tobacco In Australia. [online] Tobaccoinaustralia.org.au. Available at: https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-1-prevalence/1-9-prevalence-of-tobacco-use-among-aboriginal-peo [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017].

Women on Girls free essay sample

A comparison of two short stories by female authors on the subject of teenage girls: Girl by Jamaica Kincaid and Boys and Girls by Alice Munro. This paper examines Jamaica Kincaids short story Girl to Boys and Girls by Alice Munro. Both are stories about the coming of age of teenage girls and the rules enforced on them by society. The paper explores gender roles and mother-daughter relationships.

Scream essays

Scream essays Edvard Munchs The Scream was painted in the end of the 19th century, and is possibly the first Expressionist painting. The Scream was very different from the art of the time, when many artists tried to depict objective reality. Munch was a tortured soul, and it certainly showed in this painting. Most of his family had died, and he was often plagued by sickness. The Scream was not a reflection of what was going on at the time, but rather, Munchs own inner hell. It visualizes a desperate aspect of fin-de-sicle: anxiety and apocalypse. The persuasiveness of the motif shows that it also speaks to our day and age (Whaley 75 ). When Edvard Munch was asked what had inspired him to do this painting, he replied, One evening I was walking along a path, the city on one side of me and the fjord below. I felt tired and ill. I stopped and looked out across the fjord. The sun was setting, the clouds were turning blood red. I felt a scream passing through nature. It seemed to me that I could hear The Scream. I painted this picture; painted the clouds as real blood. The colors screamed (Preble 52). Some people, when they look at this painting, only see a person screaming. They see the pretty blend of colors, but dont actually realize what they are looking at. A lone emaciated figure halts on a bridge clutching his ears, his eyes and mouth open wide in a scream of anguish. Behind him a couple are walking together in the opposite direction. Barely discernible in the swirling motion of a red-blood sunset and deep blue-black fjord, are tiny boats at sea, and the suggestion of town buildings ( Preble 53). This painting was definitely the first of its kind, the first Expressionist painting. People say that a picture is worth a thousand words. If thats the case, then The Scream is worth a million. It has a message that no other painting of its time...

Organizational Systems Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Systems Theory - Essay Example If environment is Placid, Predictable, Homogeneous, Stable and Resource Munificent then structural form is Mechanistic, Bureaucratic, Centralized and Clear Goals. But if environment is Turbulent, Uncertain, Complex, Unstable and Resource Scarce then structural form is Organic, Informal, Networked; Ambiguous Goals. Since organizations differ in the type of tasks they perform and environments they face, the appropriate organizational structure in each case is a function of four factors which are Organization’s size, technology, environment and strategy. The resulting structures can be formal, differentiated, vertical, horizontal, central and complex. [4] In the book Handbook of Media Management And Economics by Alan B. Albarran, Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted, Michael O. Wirth, it is explained that the primary approach in organizational studies to the study of issues of organizational structure has been Structural Contingency theory. This theory describes the relationship between the organizational structures and performance outcomes. Grounded in assumptions of economic rationality this theory argues that organizations will adopt structures that maximize efficiency and optimize financial performance according to the specific contingencies that exists within the organizations’ marketing environments. Consequently there is no single organizational structure that will be equally effective for all companies. According to them Structural Contingency theory first emerged in organizational studies during the 1950s and generated a great deal of attention. This book states that under this theory, organizational structures are considered to include authority, reporting, decision and communication relationships and organizational rules, among other elements. The primary contingency factors that influence organizational structures include organizational scale and task uncertainty. Small organizations and those facing low levels of

Company Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Company Research - Essay Example These programs work fairly well. An important aspect and thread that runs through all of them, however, is management culture. How successful a human resources department is is often a reflection of the management culture towards employees. In this overview all of these things will be discussed. Microsoft uses a number of different methods to hire employees from both outside and inside the company. Advertisements are placed on websites and local media and some are displayed through a company intranet. One of the best things about their policy is that they try to hire from within the company. That means that employees are familiar with the operations and the culture. However, generally speaking, if a company becomes too reliant on this method of hiring they will find that they rarely have new blood or ideas. It is important not to over-prioritize internal hiring as it can lead to redundant thinking and tiredness. Microsoft’s training program is substantial. One of the best things about it is the 60-day buddy period which allows new employees to be supervised and gently acculturated to the company. However, 60 days is a long time to have a buddy and surely that â€Å"buddy’s† productivity will be reduced if he spends all his time with the new employee. If too many employees are hired at once, too many buddies will be spending all their time training. It’s important to keep this in mind. A thread that runs through all these aspects of Microsoft’s human resource management is a culture of respect for the employees. Management is a complex art. It involves a lot of angles relating to competition, performance and commitment. It also has a lot to do with competition. Microsoft is hardly the only software company in town and they must constantly be monitoring their competition to see how they are performing. Their prices and services change depending on the successes and failures of the competition. Training and recruitment practices change depending on how

Land Vegetation Ethiopia

Land Vegetation Ethiopia 1. Project Summary Land cover/use Study projects provide policy makers, industry and community interest groups, and landholders with accurate information on  woody vegetation cover, information on changes in the cover, mapping and providing statistical information. In earlier times the northern Ethiopian highlands were characterized by humid climate and denser vegetation (Bard et al., 2000). Significant human impact on the land resource resulted in 65 per cent of the total land mass to be a dry land. Land clearing for agricultural activity has become an increasingly main topic in the natural resource debate that contrasts the economic aspects of land development to the people dependent on it and with the ecological need to conserve. This project is a one of the initiative to investigate the land cover and its respective slope of the study site and to recommend technologies applicable to the overall land cover study projects in the dry high lands of Ethiopia. The study combines field verification  and computer processing using state-of-the-art remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies. The study specifically applies and eexplore the potential of Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) bands of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ASTER images to discriminate land use categories where the land is fragile with mixed uses villages, patches of forest, patches of grazing land, crop land, wasteland, etc. the study will also explore the potential of ASTER images to provide stereo images for DEM generation of the scene that can be used to generate the Slope. The DEM generation task will investigate developing a rational polynomial function model. At last integration of the land cover and the DEM together with other GIS data can be used as input data to classify the suitability of land for specific land use. 2. The Problem Statement and Justification for the Research More than 63% of all smallholders in Ethiopia have less than 1 hectare of land. Population is growing rapidly and, although in the northern parts of the country the average rural population density is only 33 persons per square km, the population density per unit of arable land is much higher (138 persons per square km). Land fragmentation is common and the more fragmented holdings are, the more time it takes to manage them, with potential consequences for productivity. The national average is 3.2 parcels per smallholder, though districts averages vary from a little over 1 to more than 5. The broadest areas of high fragmentation are in eastern Amhara and Tigray, although there are also districts with high average fragmentation in Gambella, parts of SNNP, and the eastern highlands. (Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration, 2001/02. Central Statistical Authority.). As a result of fragmentation, farm sizes are very small and the use of fallow is rapidly disappearing, causing problems of declining soil fertility and erosion. Population growth increases the demand for land and contributes to farming on steep and fragile soils, also leading to erosion problems. It increases demand for biomass as a source of fuel, leading to deforestation and increased burning of dung and crop residues, thus increasing the problems of erosion and nutrient depletion. Population growth increases demand for livestock products and therefore leads to increased livestock numbers, causing overgrazing and consumption of crop residues by animals. In such situation Land degradation is a great threat for the future and it requires great effort and resources to improve. The major causes of land degradation in Ethiopia are the rapid population increase, severe soil loss, deforestation, low vegetative cover and unbalanced crop and livestock production. Inappropriate land-use systems and land-tenure policies enhance desertification and loss of biodiversity. The balance between crop, livestock, and forest production is disturbed, and the farmer is forced to put more land into crop production. The government has envisaged long- and short-term strategies to reduce the pressure on land and land fragmentation. Among the short term strategies are providing technical and vocational training to the landless youth to enable them to find off-farm employment and encouraging emigration to urban centers and to other parts of the region for resettlement. These strategies recommended allocation and reallocation of land to be based on the land use classification to be done in detail study. Understanding the current status of land use is very important and this project will come up with important elements of current land use study using remote sensing technologies to provide reliable information that help to prepare a complete land use plan. Justification Land Cover/ Slope Study To approach the growing problems of natural resource management, spatially explicit information about physical, biotic, and human factors must be available in a variety of geographic and temporal scales (USFWS 1976). Local planners and managers require detailed knowledge of the region for which they have responsibility as well as information on the regional, state, and national levels. Land cover data are essential at several scales. Current land cover data are vital to many applications including: making basic habitat assessments, delineating specific vegetative communities, calculating soil loss, and evaluating water quantity/quality within and between watersheds. The list of categories to be mapped is determined through the objectives of the mapping effort. This thesis describes such a mapping effort, one of presenting a basic land cover/Slope map, along with methods useful for land use planning applications. The conventional methods in producing DEMs need large campaigns that result in land surveying teams using analogue or analytical techniques. In the last decades satellite stereo image based topographical map production is turned into operational state from its experimental state. Recently many local scale landscape or topographical monitoring requirements are maintained by high resolution satellite images (Kanab 2002, Zomer et al. 2002, Baily et al. 2003, Su ¨zen and Doyuran 2004a, b, Liu et al. 2004). Advantages of ASTER for land evaluation The ASTER sensor is carried on board the Terra satellite that was launched in December 1999. The sensor has 14 spectral bands; three for Very Near Infra Red (VNIR) at 15 meters resolution, six for Short Wave Infra Red at 30 meters resolution, five for Thermal Infra Red at ninety meters resolution. Graphic 1 (below) shows the band coverage of the ASTER sensor. Thus with such resolution and number of bands it is possible to discriminate small fragile lands typical of Ethiopian highlands. In addition ASTER imagery has an extra channel of image data that is created by the sensor capturing a backwards looking image for the third VNIR band. So for image band three there exists one (nadir) image channel and also a backwards looking (off nadir) image channel. This creates an along-track stereo effect that provides DEM generation capability to be used for slope study. Scope This thesis presents a small watershed land cover/Slope map representing for the northern region of the country. It will provide information just beyond the local watershed by demonstrating feasibility of using selected satellite imagery for regional planning as well. It is known that Land suitability analysis is the process of matching demand, crop requirement, and supply, the quality of the land. Where it is necessary to specify the type of specific land use (e.g for forest plantation, maize, rangeland, etc.) so as to match with crop requirement, basic land characteristics, such as depth of soil, climate, amount of pH, level of soil nutrient, depth to ground water, etc.. Thus the scope of this thesis is limited to generating parameters necessary for the land suitability analysis. Project Objectives General objective To demonstrate the feasibility of Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery to provide base line data for land use planning for sustainable land management Specific objectives Investigating discriminating power of ASTER Imagery in studying land cover in highly fragmented high lands of northern Ethiopia. To develop rational polynomial function model to generate a DEM that will be further processed to develop slope information. 4. Description of Project Activities and Methodology Selecting Study Area The landscape of Ethiopia is extremely diverse. In order to map land cover on a regional scale, it is necessary to understand the structure and dynamics of land cover on a local scale. To this end, the study area will be located to approximately represent throughout the northern part of the region. Thus the site will include major physiographic regions, i.e., predominantly mountains, valleys, and plains. On top of that the study site will be chosen on the following criteria: ease of access to allow comparison of actual land cover to images in hand, availability of current digital cover maps, and representation of regional land cover. Classification Scheme The first step in land cover mapping is to determine a classification system, i.e., to list the land categories to be mapped. Several items will be considered in this process: The objectives The characteristics of the data And the accuracy requirements. As in most well planned mapping efforts, the objectives determine the classes and the procedures used. Since the objective of this study is to identify fragmented land use types rather than classifying different vegetation types, emphasis will be placed on land impacted by human activities. The data available also determined the level of detail. ASTER imagery is assumed to be the best data currently available. The relatively high spatial resolution and the number of spectral bands of this imagery offers the best opportunities for discriminating a variety of cover types among any available satellite data such as Landsat. Imagery ASTER imagery with 15m spatial resolution, which is taken in the dry season of 2003, is the basic dataset from which land cover and Slope will be mapped. The data to be used for land cover study will be the VNIR bands (Band 1: 0.52-0.60 Lm; Band 2: 0.63-0.69Lm and Band 3N: 0.76-0.86Lm) of and 3N and 3B bands for the Slope study. A DEM created from ASTER level 1A (L1A) imagery can be expected to have a vertical accuracy of approximately 25 meters. Although in areas with less vegetation or man made features, this can rise to approximately 11 meters. It is therefore useful for small to medium scale mapping applications, 1:50,000 to 1:100,000. Only the near-infrared (NIR) channel of ASTER image has stereoscopic view capability as another NIR sensor is located as back view on board Terra satellite. Therefore, one NIR sensor collects image in nadir direction while another NIR sensor gets image in back-looking direction. Using two different looking directions, stereo imaging and DEM generation can be attained (Welch et al. 1998, Toutin 2002, Hirano et al. 2003). Training Data for image classification Since this study applies supervised classification, training data are needed at the start of classification. To this effect training data will be acquired from a variety of sources such as available maps, aerial photography of the same year and expert knowledge and review. Image Classification One scene for the land cover study and another nadir scene for the Slope study will be used for classification. To georeference the image, Ground Control Points (GCPs) will be collected from easily identifiable points using Geographic Positioning System (GPS). Image classification will be done either using pixel based supervised image classification or with object-oriented image classification depending on the accuracy to be achieved. ILWIS 3.3 software format will be the major image processing tools that will be used. Ground Truth and Classification Accuracy Assessment Before a map should be used, it is necessary to know its accuracy (Congalton1996). Accuracy assessment will be made using ground truth points to be collected from the major land use/cover types using GPS. It is recommended to have a ground truth at the same time of data acquisition, or at least within the time that the environmental condition does not change. A general rule of thumb is 75 to 100 reference points per category for a large image (Congalton 1996). However; for such a small scale study quite less number of reference points will be feasible. Statistics The Confusion Matrix In order to determine the errors in the classification, the following model called confusion matrix: (IDRISI module CONFUSE.) will be applied where: Matrix columns = ground data (assumed ‘correct) Matrix rows = map data (classified by the automatic procedure) Cells of the matrix = count of the number of observations for each (ground, map) combination Diagonal elements = agreement between ground and map; ideal is a matrix with all zero off-diagonals Errors of omission (map producers accuracy) = incorrect in column / total in column. Measures how well the map maker was able to represent the ground features. Errors of commission (map users accuracy) = incorrect in row / total in row. Measures how likely the map user is to encounter correct information while using the map. Overall map accuracy = total on diagonal / grand total Statistical test of the classification accuracy for the whole map or individual cells is possible using the kappa index of agreement www.sc.chula.ac.th/courseware/2309507/lec_content.htm). Users and producers accuracy measure the correctness of each category with respect to errors of commission and omission. Accuracy of each class cannot be completely stated in one statistic; both accuracies are needed for a valid assessment. Users accuracy is obtained by dividing the number correctly classified by the total number of pixels, within the classified image, of that class assessed. A low users accuracy represents a high error of commission. Producers accuracy is calculated by dividing the number of pixels correctly classified by the total number of reference points within that class (bottom row of error matrix). A low Producers accuracy represents a high error of omission. The Kappa statistic describes the degree of superiority (expressed as a proportion), that the classification results have as compared to a random classification. DEM Generation Developments in computers, broadening of visualization applications and the availability of geospatial data, made the use of digital elevation models (DEM) an indispensable quantitative environmental variable in most of the research topics. The landscape change and process-based studies in digital Earth sciences require the excessive use of DEM (Ka ¨a ¨b 2002, Zomer et al. 2002, Baily et al. 2003, Su ¨zen and Doyuran 2004a, b, Liu et al. 2004), for landslide susceptibility/hazard assessment, erosion susceptibility, glacier monitoring, geomorphological mapping, etc., in order to quantitatively represent or to analyse the morphology or the landscape. Within this study, the major steps that will be performed are (1) pre-processing and (2) The first step in pre-processing is the orthorectification of raw L1A images. The whole scene ASTER L1A image will be orthorectified using available 1: 50,000 scaled topographic maps. DEM generation from stereoscopic imagery is dependent on establishing the mathematical model relating the scene coordinates of conjugate points to the ground coordinates of the corresponding object point. Either rigorous or approximate models can be used to establish such a relationship. Rigorous modeling necessitates a full understanding of the imaging geometry associated with the involved sensor. Moreover, it involves the external characteristics (as represented by the Exterior Orientation Parameters EOP) and the internal characteristics (as represented by the Interior Orientation Parameters IOP) of the imaging sensor. Such characteristics are derived with the help of control information, which might take the form of a calibration test field, ground control points, and/or onboard navigation units (e.g., GPS/INS). However, the derivation of these parameters might not be always possible due to: the lack of sufficient control; weak imaging geometry (especially for satellite imaging systems with narrow angular field of view); and/or intentional concealment by the data provider (e.g., Space Imaging does not release the IOP and the EOP for their commercially available imagery). Therefore, there has been an increasing interest to investigate approximate models, which do not explicitly involve the internal and external characteristics of the imaging system. (A. Habib, E. M. Kim, M. Morgan, I. Couloigne, 2005). There has been an increasing interest within the photogrammetric community to adopt approximate models since they require neither a comprehensive understanding of the imaging geometry nor the internal and external characteristics of the imaging sensor. Approximate models include Direct Linear Transformation (DLT), self-calibrating DLT (SDLT), Rational Function Model (RFM), and parallel projection (Vozikis et al., 2003; Fraser, 2000; OGC, 1999; Ono et al., 1999; Wang, 1999; Gupta et al., 1997; El-Manadili and Novak, 1996). This thesis will apply RPF; it is based on the ratios of polynomials with different degree which can vary from 1 to 3. The coefficients are estimated using a large number of Ground Control Points (GCPs). In general, the procedure for DEM generation from stereoscopic views can be summarized as follows (Shin et al., 2003): †¢ Feature selection in one of the scenes of a stereo-pair: Selected features should correspond to an interesting phenomenon in the scene and/or the object space. †¢ Identification of the conjugate feature in the other scene: This problem is known as the matching/correspondence problem within the photogrammetric and computer vision communities. †¢ Intersection procedure: Matched points in the stereo-scenes undergo an intersection procedure to produce the ground coordinates of corresponding object points. The intersection process involves the mathematical model relating the scene and ground coordinates. †¢ Point densification: High density elevation data is generated within the area under consideration through an interpolation in-between the derived points in the previous step. The image orientation with rational polynomial functions involves general transformation to describe the relationship between image and ground coordinates. They provide a generic representation of the camera object-image geometry. The RPF provided with the high resolution satellite images connect image space and object space by: Row or column = rpf (ÃŽ », Ï•, h) Where row/column is the image coordinates and ÃŽ », Ï•, and h are longitude, latitude and ellipsoidal height in geographic coordinates of WGS84 datum (Grodecki et al., 2004). Direct solutions use rational function coefficients and sensor parameters information without any control points and refinement the original coefficients. Indirect solutions use ground control points for computing coefficients without using sensor parameters (Tao, Hu 2001). Our solution is based on ground control points without any initial values of coefficients. First approximate values of parameters extract and then precise values compute with using ground control points. Rational Function Model with 20 parameters (Valadan, Sadeghiam 2002) is used in this paper as follow: Where : are the normalized row and column of pixel in image. : are the normalized coordinates of the image point in the Conventional Terrestrial (CT) coordinate system. : Rational Function Coefficients (RFCs). Estimating the RFM coefficients The method by which the RFM coefficients are recovered depends on the availability of a physical sensor model. In cases where a physical model is provided a terrain independent scheme can be applied. This scheme is based on the generation of a 3D grid in object space, using the physical sensor model. The 3D grid should contain several layers of points and its characteristics are determined by the coverage of the image and the terrain relief differences. Then, a Least Squares solution of the RFM coefficients can be derived. Finally, an estimation of the quality of the derived RFM coefficients should be carried out based on an evaluation of the residuals in a higher density 3D grid. When a physical model is not available, a terrain dependent scheme is used. As in this scheme it is not possible to generate a 3D grid, the solution is highly sensitive to the terrain relief, as well as to the distribution, number, and quality of the GCPs used. Generation The generation process involves four steps: primitive extraction, primitive matching, space intersection, and interpolation. Primitive extraction: At this stage, a decision has to be made regarding the primitives to be matched in the normalized scenes. Possible matching primitives include distinct points, linear features, and/or homogeneous regions. The choice of the matching primitives is crucial for ensuring the utmost reliability of the outcome from the DEM generation process. In this research, point features are chosen. Fà ¶rstner interest operator (Fà ¶rstner, 1986) will be used to extract distinct points from the imagery. The operator identifies points with unique grey value distribution at their vicinity (e.g., corner points).The next section discusses the matching procedure of these points. Primitive Matching: The matching criteria deal with establishing a quantitative measure that describes the degree of similarity between a template in the left scene and a matching window, of the same size, within the search space in the right scene. Either correlation coefficient or least squares matching could be used to derive such a similarity measure Space Intersection: Following the matching process, conjugate points undergo an intersection procedure to derive the ground coordinates of the corresponding object points. The RPF equation will be used for such computation. Interpolation: So far, the ground coordinates of matched interest points, which passed the consistency check, are derived through space intersection. These points are irregularly distributed and are not dense enough to represent the object space. Therefore, they need to be interpolated. In this research, Kriging will be used to interpolate the resulting object space points into regular grid. The Kriging methodology derives an estimate of the elevation at a given point as a weighted average of the heights at neighboring points. 5. Project Milestones and Expected outputs 5.1. Expected output Following are the expected outputs from this research; Based on the success of ASTER imagery in demonstrating land cover classification and slope generation, the result herein may be used as basic data to assist slope management, land use planning, and other land management efforts such as land suitability, and landslide susceptibility mapping when combined with other GIS data. Provides a procedure based on the rational polynomial function model for generating DEM directly from a stereo ASTER images, and other experimental results. In particular, the method can be quickly and easily applied to areas with little map data, and at low cost. Based on the success it can be extended for all the northern high lands of Ethiopia. 5.2. Dissemination plan The immediate users of the research result are policy makers, teaching institutes and other planning and development organization in their programming of land use management. It will also assist the local government in the design and making of policy issues. The small holder farmers are the ultimate users of the research results through well designed land management projects that are effective in ensuring sustainable development of the resources they are dependent on. 6. Work Plan 7. References Fraser, C. S., H. B. Hanley (2003). Bias compensation in rational functions for Ikonos satellite imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69(1): 53-57. Ganas, A. E. Lagios, N. Tzannetos (2002). An investigation into the spatial accuracy of the Ikonos2 orthoimagery within an urban environment. Int. Journal of Remote Sensing, 23(17): 3513-3519. Grodecki, J. and G. Dial (2003). Block adjustment of high resolution satellite images described by rational polynomials. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69(1): 59-68. Hu, Y., C.V., Tao (2002). Updating solutions of the rational function model using additional control information. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 68(7): 715-724. MARCAL, A.R.S., BORGER, J.S., BOMES, J.A. COSTA, P.J.F. (2005) Land cover update by supervised classification of segmented ASTER images. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26, 1347-1362. www.sc.chula.ac.th/courseware/2309507/lec_content.htm YAN, G., MAS, J.F., MAATHUIS, B.H.P., XIANGMIN, Z., VAN DIJK, P.M. (2006) Comparison of pixel-based and object-oriented image classification approaches—a case study in a coal fire area, Wuda, Inner Mongolia, China. International Journal of Remote Sensing 27, 4039-4055.

Discuss How Sherriff Presents Human Weakness

Discuss how Sherriff presents human weakness and frailty in Journeys End Journeys End was written with the intention of â€Å"letting the war speak†. The lives of the officers on the front line during 1917 are examined. A key theme that is explored throughout the play is the reactions of the mind and body, under the stress of the war. Each character represents the weakness of the human being in an individual way, but the character on which frailty is mainly focussed is Stanhope. Stanhope is the topic of many conversations within the dugout and the first conversation we see, Stanhope is mentioned.The conversation is between Osborne, the second in command, and the commanding officer of the company being relieved. The commander inquires as to whether Stanhope is â€Å"drinking like a fish†, this indicates towards the audience for the first time, that Stanhope is an alcoholic and is seen to turn to alcohol to cope with the war. Osborne jumps to the defence of Stanhope, expl aining that Stanhope is â€Å"the best company commander†. Despite Stanhope’s coping mechanism of alcohol, he still has respect shown to him by his men.This is shown throughout, yet more so in the final moments of the play when the troops are rallied by Stanhope for the raid. Stanhope is shown to reject reminders of life before the war, and if his family waiting for him back home is mentioned it will not be tolerated. He shows that he does not want to be reminded when Raleigh arrives at the dugout and Stanhope becomes agitated. The conversations between the men and Stanhope are riddled with â€Å"silence† and on stage this would show the tension between the characters build up.We see how the war has also made Stanhope paranoid, and Stanhope’s irritation and paranoia become clear when he is insistent on looking through Raleigh’s letters home, to see if he has put anything derogatory about Stanhope. He is afraid that the truth about him being an alco holic will reach home, and as Sherriff has told us, Stanhope has a fiancee waiting back home, and Stanhope does not want her view of him as this leader of the men to be damaged, especially by Raleigh writing home â€Å"and tell her I reek of whisky all day†.Stanhope’s human qualities are not shown often throughout the play, yet when Sherriff introduces his fiancee who is waiting him back in England; it adds a tender heartedness to the character. Stanhope also seems to distract his self from the war by being obsessed with cleanliness and hygiene. This is also related to the war and shows the characters drive and determination to make it through the war. Stanhope is described in the stage directions as having â€Å"well brushed† hair and is shown to have â€Å"care for† his uniform.Further in the play, the audience witnesses the death of Osborne who is seen as the caring figure within the dugout. After this, Stanhope uses anger along side the alcohol as a c oping mechanism. It is shown how Stanhope appears to have lost everything, because of Osborne’s death. He has also lost Hibbert after using his authoritative powers over him and forced him to â€Å"get out† and â€Å"go to bed†. When Raleigh tries to talk to Stanhope about how he copes, Stanhope tells him to â€Å"get out† and so loses him as well. This scene shows the beginning of the downfall of Stanhope and bodes the ending of the play with the death of his soldiers.In the play Stanhope admits to his need for alcohol to cope with the war, stating that if he was not â€Å"doped with whisky† he could â€Å"go mad with fright†. Possibly showing why he showed sympathy towards Hibbert when he was breaking down, and that if Stanhope can survive the war he could possibly change. Overall Stanhope is presented as a man with is weaknesses yet has the courage (although this could be because of the doping effects of alcohol) to push on throughout his stay in the dugout and the war. He is regarded as a hero in the eyes of his men.Sherriff shows us Stanhope as an officer with a great experience of the war, yet this is juxtaposed with the fresh new recruit who is â€Å"straight from school†, Raleigh. The young soldier is idealistic and has arrived at the front lines with little knowledge of the reality of it all, but is in search of the intangibles, honour and glory. Sherriff shows this to the audience by having Raleigh describe the war like a game at school, using words such as â€Å"cricket† and â€Å"rugger†, which show the youth, innocence and naivety of Raleigh.When the reality becomes clear, Raleigh’s attitude towards the war changes dramatically. The death of Raleigh at the end of the play sums up his characteristics in the best possible way, his innocence is shown until his final moments when he compares the wound in his back to be â€Å"just the same† as getting â€Å"kicked† in a game of â€Å"rugger†. His death signifies much more than the passing of one soldier, added with Raleigh passing, the candle flame extinguishing, shows the death of society in 1917 and of innocence, showing how nothing could return to the way it was in the years previous to the war.After the raid which occurs near the end of the play, Raleigh’s view on the war has changed after he witnesses the first deaths of people he knew. He questions as to how Stanhope can stay drinking â€Å"champagne† whilst Osborne’s body is â€Å"lying-out there†. Again this shows the audience just how naive Raleigh is, as he has never experienced the loss of someone close to him and the effect that the war has on people. Despite Raleigh’s innocence and weakness, he is determined to fight until the end, showing that his character (although naive) has strength.In his final scene, Raleigh is told he has â€Å"got a Blighty one†, yet Raleigh believes he â€Å" cant go home† showing how although it is the end, Raleigh has matured and has become a true soldier, willing to stay and fight on even in the face of adversity. Raleigh has finally achieved his goal of obtaining the intangibles, honour and glory, but the question the audience would be asking is, was his death worth gaining these? The relationship that is built up between Raleigh and Stanhope is examined from the beginning of the play, especially from the view of Raleigh worshipping Stanhope as a hero, â€Å"he’d just got his MC and been made a captain.He looked splendid†. Near the end of the play, Stanhope changes his mood from not liking the fact that Raleigh is a member of his company, to a gentler approach, â€Å"he bathes the boys face†. This shows the audience the relationships which were formed by men during the war, even if this specific event does have feminine connotations. These relationships were a necessity to combat human frailty and weakness. Osborne is conferred in two contrasting ways.In his physical appearance he is â€Å"hard as nails† and is seen as second in command of the company, but at the same time Sherriff also presents Osborne as an â€Å"uncle† to the men, due to his nature of being gentle. Stanhope seems to have a large dependency upon Osborne and this is shown when Stanhope calls him â€Å"dear old uncle†, the use of dear here shows how much Stanhope needs him. Osborne is a humble and intelligent man. This is expressed when Osborne quotes a line from Alice in Wonderland (which is the book he is reading) â€Å"how doth the little crocodile†¦with gently smiling jaws†.The audience is given a depth to Osborne’s character, and the â€Å"kid’s book† shows us his form of escapism from the war. The choice of book that is included could be seen as significant, as the characters in Alice in Wonderland are so mad, this could be used to represent the madness of th e war and how little sense it made to many people. Osborne, in some ways, has more to deal with than the rest of the officers in the dugout, and thus this shows his strength, as he must cope with the problems of the other officers, as they look up to him as â€Å"uncle†, he is an outlet for the men and allows them to show their weakness.Trotters coping mechanism is similar to that of Stanhope’s, in the way that he results to consuming a substance. It is clear that Trotter copes by eating, as he â€Å"has put on weight during the war†. Trotter also draws â€Å"a hundred and forty-four little circles on a bit o’ paper† which represent the one hundred and forty four hours which the officers must stay posted at the dugout and surrounding trench. Trotter is seen to maintain the company’s morale, as his (attempts to the) use of humour to keep spirits up, â€Å"cheer up skipper†.Trotter is shown to be rather emotionless, yet this view change s later on in the play when Stanhope states that Trotter is â€Å"always the same† his reply is â€Å"little you know† showing that Trotter isn’t coping with the war as well as the other officers thought. Trotter is also used in a way, to highlight the culture of intangibles that had swept the younger generations of this times society, as he is honoured to gain the post of second in command of the company after Osborne’s death, showing how many men joined up to escape from their lives back home and go in search of honour and glory on the battlefield.Hibbert is presented as a man whom the war has had a great psychological effect upon. In his first appearance within the play he complains about his â€Å"neuralgia†. The audience that would be viewing this play in 1928 would most likely show sympathy towards Stanhope, as he had to put up with this type of officer, yet a contemporary audience, with a greater understanding of the psychological effects th e war had upon certain people, such as â€Å"shell Shock† or PTS (post traumatic stress disorder) would most likely show sympathy towards Hibbert.Hibbert does not wish to join the other men before the big attack, â€Å"you want me to go up now? † causing him to judge others by his own set standards. Stating that Raleigh is â€Å"too keen† because he was in the trenches with the other soldiers. Hibbert is rude to his commanding officer, Stanhope, as he does not follow his orders, and from a military perspective this would not be tolerated and Hibbert would have been eligible for court martial. Mason, in the play, is the character who is not of officer rank. He is a servant to the officers within the dugout.At the beginning of the war (1914) officers were all form public schools, but as numbers started to diminish by 1917, officers were allowed to be from public or private schools. Masons distractions from the war are rather trivial, such as a tin of â€Å"aprico ts†. The inclusion of a lower class character shows how the war affected everyone, as class did not change the dangers that the soldiers faced. Out of being a servant little is seen of Mason, showing how although in the worst of circumstances, every day things such as cooking had to carry on. Critical Reviews of Journeys EndMany groups could comment upon the play and respond in different ways towards it. A Marxist would state that Sherriff does not achieve his aim, as the play only presents the middle classes who did not have to fight. And thus it does not show the horrific conditions in which many ordinary soldiers had to endure in the trenches. It does not show the fear felt by the men on the front line because the play is set in a (relatively) safe dug out, in which the officers have a servant and in comparison to the ordinary foot soldiers, are well looked after.The military may have taken a dislike to the play, due to its anti war nature and how Sherriff seems to be quest ioning the authority of high command and why the soldiers follow orders without a second thought. A lack of sympathy would have been shown by the military for the characters who suffered psychological illnesses. Sherriff did not intend the play to be anti war, yet was presented this way by the plays producer, who was known for having an anti war view. Sheriff’s aim was to let the war speak and expose the truths of it.A feminist may say that there are no female characters within the play, and that the only females that are mentioned are objectified and will always be waiting for their husbands when they return from the war. They would say the lack of females could mean that the play could not show the coping strategies of humans, and that it does not fully represent their weaknesses. Sherriff claimed that the play was intended to â€Å"let the war speak†, yet the lack of female characters within the play means that it can not show the effect the war had on women.

The Adoration of Jenna Fox- Summaries

The The Adoration of Jenna Fox By: Mary E. Pearson Pages 1-50 Jenna Fox has just woken up from a coma after an accident she wasn’t supposed to survive and doesn’t remember a thing about her life. She is slowly starting to adjust to her new surroundings and learning small things she knows she should already know how to do. Her mother suggests that she what the discs her parents had been making since she was a baby. Jenna watches the disk and is vaguely reminded somewhat of her childhood. When Jenna explores her house she lives in she is curious as to why it is so empty and unlived in.One day when her mother goes to town and her grandmother, Lily goes to her greenhouse to avoid contact with her, Jenna sneaks out the front door and goes for a walk. On her adventure, she meets Mr. Clayton Bender, and makes friends with him. On her way back, Jenna cuts herself, which frightens her mother very much. Jenna all of a sudden has a memory of a trip to the beach with Lily that happ ened almost 15 years ago, an impossible thought but a memory none the less. After that Jenna starts remembering small things like her best friends and the T in Boston.She learns of her father’s latest invention, Bio Gel. The gel can make organ last indefinitely instead of having a limited shelf life. When Lily takes Jenna to a mission, she gets a sudden urge to get back in school to pick up where she left off. Everyone thinks it is an outrageous thought but her mother soon gives in and allows her to go to a small charter instead of a widely populated school where she could be put in a dangerous situation. Pages 51-100 Jenna is now determined to take control of her life back. On her way to Mr. Bender’s house, Jenna meets the boy he warned her about, Dane.This boy that lives at the end of her street seems to be very curious. At Mr. Bender’s House, Jenna is forced to turn away his hospitality towards her because of her special diet. After he told her he did researc h she did research on him as well. She learned that he was keeping a very big secret about his identity. When he confessed to her she felt they were better friends because of the secrets they shared. Jenna continues to watch her home movies and sparks a few of her lost memories. She remembers that she loved hot chocolate but her mother and grandmother get angry with her for disobeying her diet.She wants to pick up where she left off in school so she asks permission to start school again. Her mother allows her to attend a small charter that has a flexible schedule and a smaller class size. The first day she meets her few classmates and recognizes Dane. A boy named Ethan leads a discussion on Walden. When he makes an error, she corrects him, surprising him and her also. She is shocked again when Ethan invites her to join their group for lunch. At lunch Jenna gets a chance to meet the rest of her few classmates. Allys is the only other girl other than Rae, their teacher, and is the fir st to open up.Since everyone at the charter has a special reason for attending, Allys shares that her’s was a fatal disease that cause her to lose her limbs. Now she has prosthetics and is also the first person to tell Jenna they like her. Jenna opens up a little more about her condition. She also starts to grow a liking for Ethan as well. Lily and Claire get in an argument about Jenna’s social relationships. Jenna continues watching the discs and learning past details she’d forgotten. She starts working with Ethan at the mission until she finds a community service project of her own. She grows a closer bond with him and becomes fascinated with him.Allys expresses her feelings about FSEB and ethics problems unknowing that Jenna’s dad, founder of FoxBiosystems and creator of Bio Gel. Pages 100-150 Jenna explores the downstairs of the Cotswold and finds interest in Claire and Lily’s rooms. In Claire’s room she finds a locked door and has a nat ural instinct to look under the mattress and finds the key. Before she gets a chance to open it she is called away by someone at the door. Ethan visits her and they talk which slowly leads to them sharing a passionate kiss. Because Lily got upset with Jenna after the kiss, Jenna rebels and pours mustard into her nutrients before Lily can stop her.Jenna watches the last disc in her box and it shows Claire and Jenna having a fight about Jenna’s ballerina career. Jenna is determined to find out what is behind the closet doors. She pretends to go for a walk but sneaks into the closet instead. Inside she finds three boxes one with her full name on it. Trying to get it loose she cuts her wrist on an edge. Worried about what her mother will do she hurries to her bathroom to look at the gash. When Jenna falls down the stairs from being too dizzy, Claire discovers the cut. Now her parents are forced to tell her why there is hardly any blood coming from her wrist.They explain that she was terribly burned in the accident and something had to be done fast or she wouldn’t have made it. Her father informs her that her entire body is made up of Bio Gel. The only thing original in her is 10% of her brain. Jenna has a really hard time understanding the situation and believing that she is a real human being. She asks why they relocated and her father tells her that where they live now has a consistent temperature that will help her shelf life. She also learns the second reason for their location is Jenna being illegal with Bio Gel making up the substance of her body.Lily and Jenna have a conversation about why Lily acts so different towards Jenna. Her answer is that she let go of her granddaughter eighteen months ago and now has her in a different form. At school, Jenna is more unsocial than ever before. She is still trying to figure out what she is and what she needs to do next. Pages 151-200 Lily talks to Jenna about things she feels Jenna should know. She infor ms Jenna that before the accident she didn’t go to her room when Claire told her to; now she naturally goes without hesitation.Jenna is upset about the information but wants to prove it for herself. She waits until her father and mother chat on the Netbook and puts on a flipping plates show for them. When Claire furiously tells Jenna to go to her room, Jenna resists the urge. Her father and mother explain that they uploaded things into her when they were working on her scans. They were afraid she’d be so behind in school they uploaded the 10th through 12th grade curriculum. Jenna meets Ethan at the mission where he shares his dark secret that has burdened him.She trusts him enough to share the information she has just received. He doesn’t leave her but instead assures her she is going to get through it but warns her not to tell Allys because of her ethical standards. For a bacteria lesson, the group goes to a river scene. During her lesson, she starts talking ab out the FSEB which sparks something in Jenna. They get into a heated discussion that doesn’t end the best way. When Jenna visits Mr. Bender, she learns that someone broke into his garage but took nothing. She feels like she remembers seeing his car before but doesn’t know where from.She asks if she could use his netbook to do some research. The research is on her accident. She learns that Kara Manning and Locke Jenkins died after that accident and she would have been trialed if her condition wasn’t as deadly and severe. Jenna talks to her parents about them being dead and they said they didn’t want to push her with that information. Her mother is redecorating her so she asked for red drapes instead of the only color in her wardrobe, blue. She remembers getting the red skirt with Kara and goes on a rampage for it through the entire house.Lily shares with Jenna the escape plan if anyone from the government were to show up asking questions. When her mom goes to pick up her dad, Jenna goes to the closet. This time she discovers that the other two computers have Kara and Locke’s names on them. This sends Jenna over the edge. She runs into the forest and just lays there. Pages 201-265 Jenna gets mad at her parents for all the secrets they kept from her including the boxes. They told her they were backups in case something was to happen they would have all the blueprints and information needed to reboot her.They share the risks and complications of her situation. When she asks where Kara and Locke were they tell her that after their parents thought she was the one that caused them to get hurt they wouldn’t let the doctors in to prep everything. They both died before they could do anything. In class, they watched a long speech having to do with the FSEB. They have made many bad medical changes that negatively affected a lot of sick and injured people and the new medical act will take all control from them. Allys realized that Jenna is the daughter of Matthew Fox who she highly dislikes for his work with Bio Gel.After Mr. Bender somewhat saves Jenna from a sneak attack in the forest they go off and talk. Jenna admits she knows his name is Edward and he is her dad’s friend who set up the house and helps get her out of the country to Italy where the temperature is consistent. Jenna remembers the accident. She wasn’t driving, Kara was. But no one but the backups and she will ever know that. Jenna finds the real last disc and sees that she was under so much pressure to be perfect. At the beach, Jenna finally admits that she is tired of being on a pedestal and having so many expectations.When they get home there is a strange man there who is talking to Jenna’s father about moving the backups to a safer location. Ethan and Jenna go visit Allys who has Lupus which is causing her body to fail. They stay and talk to her for a while. Jenna confesses to her that she is really Matthew Fox’ s daughter. On the way back Ethan doesn’t want Jenna to get caught by the government and offers to take her anywhere. Lily and Jenna devise a plan to get rid of the backups. When they do, her parents are furious and tell Jenna those backups could have saved her. Jenna just wants to live her life without having a backup if she messes up.She wants to be normal more than anything. Allys’ parents visit Jenna’s parents and ask if they can help fix Allys up like they did with Jenna. The next part takes place 260 years later. Allys and Jenna live in Mr. Bender’s house. Everyone they know has past but they’re still there. They have traveled around the world speaking to people just like them. The laws of medicine have changed so much. Jenna has a daughter who she will eventually have to leave because no parent should outlive their child. The Bio Gel has been modified to make sure no one lives beyond an acceptable and appropriate time.

Building Construction And Its Effect On The Environment

Sustainable materials are environmentally helpful in our planet; it is used to produce in needle size without reducing non-renewable valuable supplies. It is also thought about to be environmentally friendly that include from a certified third-party forest standard. Throughout the building cycle, it’s a useful thing to produce a lot with very little waste. Buildings around the world are subject to a wide variety of natural important events such as floods, earthquake, windstorm, and other dangers. Comprehensible development is one of the major parts that increase the value of natural disaster. These events cannot be exactly described a possible future events, their effect is well understood. Building construction can have a long direct and indirect effect on the surrounding conditions, the society, and the economy. Different weather needs different houses. Australia, for example, has eighty different climate zones, but is often simplified to eight, varying from hot and humid to mountain-related. Working with a smaller home, the easier it is to accomplish a high energy efficiency level. Using materials from old buildings and getting some local materials can save you some headache, considering you can make any vital changes right away. Importantly, the indoor air aspect is oversight of moisture that collects over time, such as dealing with growing mold and the habitation of bacteria and viruses simultaneously as a dust mite. Interior designers should use a combination ofShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1311 Words   |  6 Pagesharm has two main aspects: 1. 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This word in reference